Supreme Court On Tribunals Reforms Act: Know Key Paragraphs In Judgement

The Supreme Court of India has struck down and read down several provisions of the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021, declaring them unconstitutional for violating the basic structure of the Constitution—particularly the principles of judicial independence, separation of powers, and rule of law. The judgment, delivered by the Chief Justice B.R. Gavai, is the latest in a long line of decisions examining the constitutional validity of tribunal reforms dating back nearly four decades. A Constitutional Moment: The Court Invokes Dr. B.R. Ambedkar The judgment opens with evocative excerpts from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s speeches in the Constituent Assembly, reminding that each branch of State must operate within constitutional limits and respect the authority of the judiciary. The Court remarked that this case “goes to the heart of the constitutional design,” as it directly concerns how power is distributed among the legislature, executive, and judiciary. The Challenge: Provisions Diluting Judicial Safeguards The petitioners—primarily bar associations and legal practitioners—challenged multiple provisions of the Tribunals Reforms Act. The most contentious provisions included: Section 3: Empowering the Executive to frame rules on qualifications, appointments, salaries, allowances, and service conditions of tribunal members. Section 5: Imposing a fixed tenure of four years for all members. Section 3(1) & 3(7): Setting a minimum age of 50 years for appointment. Executive-heavy Search-cum-Selection Committees (SCSC) with limited judicial representation. The petitioners argued that the Act was not only unconstitutional but also a form of legislative overruling of earlier judgments without addressing the constitutional defects identified by the Court. Repeated Judicial Directions Ignored The Court recalled its earlier judgments—including S.P. Sampath Kumar, L. Chandra Kumar, MBA (I), MBA (II), MBA (III), Rojer Mathew, and MBA (IV)—all of which had laid down clear constitutional mandates. These included: Judicial dominance in selection committees Minimum five-year tenure for tribunal members Wider eligibility including advocates with 10+ years’ experience Removal of executive influence from tribunal administration Disallowing civil servants without domain expertise from serving as technical members The Court observed that despite these consistent pronouncements, the Union continued to reintroduce provisions that diluted tribunal independence. Top Key Paragraphs (with citations) 1. Minimum Age of 50 Years Held Arbitrary Paragraph 55 explains why the Court rejected the 50-year minimum age for tribunal appointments: “…the immediate need is to infuse a certain amount of experience, knowledge, and avoidance of delay in appointing the Chairpersons/Presidents and Members of Tribunals with firm tenures. Therefore, the minimum age for recruitment of Members/Chairpersons/Presidents/ Vice-Chairpersons of Tribunals must be brought down.” 2. Tenure Must Be 5 Years, Not 4 Years Paragraph 53, which directly contradicts the 4-year tenure under the Act: “By augmentation of tenure, the service rendered by the Member or Chairperson… would be a positive factor to be taken into account… Just because augmented tenure will enable a person to be re-considered for further term, there is no reason to construe the provision as invalid…” 3. SCSC Must Have Judicial Dominance – CJI or Nominee Gets Casting Vote Paragraph 76 lays down mandatory composition requirements: “By ensuring judicial dominance in the process of selection, the selection of Members and Chairperson/ President must be based on ability, merit, and integrity. The Search-cum-Selection Committee must be chaired by the Chief Justice of India or his nominee.”4. Secretaries of Parent Ministries Cannot Sit in SCSC Paragraph 85, a critical holding barring executive litigants from the appointment process: “It is imperative that persons from the parent Ministry or Department… do not serve as Members of the Search-cum-Selection Committee... The Secretary shall only act as a ‘convenor’ and shall not sit in the Selection Committee.” 5. Basic Structure Doctrine Applies to Tribunal Independence Paragraph 40 connects tribunal independence with basic structure: “Judicial independence is a fundamental aspect of the basic structure… Tribunals that substitute Courts must possess similar independence and insulation from the Executive.” 6. Legislative Overriding of Judicial Orders Is Unconstitutional Paragraph 90 is the strongest admonition to the Government: “Parliament is free to enact laws within its legislative competence; however, it cannot override judicial directions by merely re-enacting provisions that have already been struck down, without curing the defects noted by the Court.” 7. Court Rejects Four-Year Term as “Too Short” Paragraph 51 directly addresses the issue: “A short-term of four years with the possibility of re-appointment creates uncertainty and impacts independence. A minimum term of five years is essential and has been judicially mandated.” 8. Court Recommends National Tribunals Commission Paragraph 94: “To streamline the functioning of tribunals… an independent National Tribunals Commission should be considered to oversee appointments, administration, and finances.” 9. Judicial Members Must Predominate in Tribunals Replacing High Courts Paragraph 64: “Where tribunals replace High Courts, the presence of judicial members in majority is constitutionally necessary to preserve adjudicatory independence.” 10. Court Recognises Institutional Burden Caused by Vacancies & Delays Paragraph 18: “Persistent delays in filling vacancies and lack of infrastructure continue to plague the tribunal system… severely undermining the effectiveness of the justice delivery framework.” Case Details Case Title: MADRAS BAR ASSOCIATION VERSUS UNION OF INDIA AND ANOTHER Case No.: WRIT PETITION (C) NO. 1018 OF 2021 Date: 19/11/2025 Click Here To Read Order

Supreme Court On Tribunals Reforms Act: Know Key Paragraphs In Judgement

Membership Required

SC Seeks Detailed Affidavit From Trader After GST Dept. Fails to Release Seized Areca Nuts Despite Prior Orders

Can I gift mutual funds to my wife? Know Taxability

ICAI Releases GST Act and Rule – Bare Law [DOWNLOAD NOW]

SC Seeks Detailed Affidavit From Trader After GST Dept. Fails to Release Seized Areca Nuts Despite Prior Orders

Can I gift mutual funds to my wife? Know Taxability

ICAI Releases GST Act and Rule – Bare Law [DOWNLOAD NOW]

GST Dept. Has No Jurisdiction On Payments Received Post-GST But Work Completed Under VAT Regime: Allahabad HC

SC Seeks Detailed Affidavit From Trader After GST Dept. Fails to Release Seized Areca Nuts Despite Prior Orders

Can I gift mutual funds to my wife? Know Taxability

ICAI Releases GST Act and Rule – Bare Law [DOWNLOAD NOW]

GST Dept. Has No Jurisdiction On Payments Received Post-GST But Work Completed Under VAT Regime: Allahabad HC

DGFT’s EODC Is Determinative of Export Obligation Compliance: CESTAT Quashes Customs Duty Demand on Imported Cars

Car Already Confiscated Once Can’t Be Re-Confiscated; CESTAT Quashes Penalties on Bona Fide Purchasers in Mercedes CLS 320 CDI Import Case

Bidder Has No Right to Demand Allotment: Telangana HC Dismisses Digital Cloud Consulting’s Plea Over Customs e-Auction

Supreme Court Clarifies Governor’s Powers on Assent to Bills; Says Governors Cannot Sit on Bills Indefinitely but Courts Cannot Impose Timelines

CBIC Announces Farewell for Chairman and 2 Senior Members as They Superannuate on November 28

Bombay HC Quashes “Negative Blocking” of ITC Beyond Ledger Balance

Inter-Departmental Blame Game | Bombay HC Orders Customs to Refund Rs. 35.37 Lakh With 9% Interest After Consignment Goes Missing at Mumbai Port

CESTAT Sets January 31, 2026 As Deadline for Uploading All Pending Appeals [READ ORDER]

SC Seeks Detailed Affidavit From Trader After GST Dept. Fails to Release Seized Areca Nuts Despite Prior Orders

Can I gift mutual funds to my wife? Know Taxability

ICAI Releases GST Act and Rule – Bare Law [DOWNLOAD NOW]